Measuring impacts of marine aquaculture partnerships
Financing of startup operations and research still needed
To overcome barriers in the expansion of marine aquaculture in the United States, partnerships have emerged that bring together various and often diverse interests associated with the development of the aquaculture industry. These partnerships typically include participants from government, the aquaculture industry, environmental groups, research or scientific organizations, commercial fisheries, land owners and other parties.
The authors performed a survey of partnership participants to understand their perceptions of problems associated with the expansion of U.S. aquaculture, as well as the impacts of partnerships on addressing these problems.
Methods
From 2009 through 2010, an online survey was administered to current and former participants in aquaculture partnerships as well as individuals who closely followed the work of the partnerships. In all, 198 individuals received e-mail invitations to participate in the online survey, and 123 responded, yielding an overall response rate of 62 percent.
The following partnerships were studied:
- California Aquaculture Development Committee
- Florida Aquaculture Review Council
- Florida Net Pen Working Group
- Maine Aquaculture Advisory Council
- Maine Fish Health Technical Committee
- Maryland Aquaculture Coordinating Council
- New Jersey Aquaculture Advisory Council
- Pacific Aquaculture Caucus
- Rhode Island Aquaculture Working Group
- Washington State Shellfish Aquaculture Regulatory Committee.
Results
To capture perceptions of marine aquaculture-related problems, respondents were asked to rate the seriousness of specific problems associated with the expansion of the U.S. marine aquaculture industry using a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 indicating a topic was “not serious at all” and 5 noting a “very serious” problem.
Table 1 shows the mean and median averages of all responses ranked from most serious to least serious. Respondents identified the most serious problems associated with marine aquaculture as the dissemination of misinformation, lack of adequate research financing, negative public perceptions, insufficient permitting and leasing policies, and lack of financing for facility startups. The least serious issues included the threat of disease outbreaks, water pollution from aquaculture facilities and threats to the genetic purity of wild stocks.
Calanni, Perceived problems, Table 1
| Mean | Median | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Dissemination of misinformation about marine aquaculture | 3.9 | 4 |
| 2. Lack of adequate financing for research | 3.6 | 4 |
| 3. Negative public perceptions | 3.5 | 4 |
| 4. Insufficient policies for granting long-term leases, licenses and/or permits for aquaculture facilities | 3.4 | 4 |
| 5. Lack of adequate financing for starting up operations | 3.4 | 3 |
| 6. Inappropriate regulations | 3.3 | 3 |
| 7. Distrust among stakeholders | 3.1 | 3 |
| 8. Lack of good science to make sound decisions regarding siting and facility operations | 2.6 | 2 |
| 9. Visual pollution from coastal aquaculture facilities | 2.4 | 2 |
| 10. Lack of ecologically sustainable feed supplies | 2.3 | 2 |
| 11. Negative impacts on the socio-economic health of local fishing-dependent communities | 2.1 | 2 |
| 12. Threats to the genetic purity of wild fish stocks | 2.0 | 2 |
| 13. Water pollution | 1.9 | 2 |
| 14. Disease outbreaks in wild populations | 1.9 | 2 |
Table 1. Perceived problems related to marine aquaculture.
To address the effectiveness of marine aquaculture partnerships, respondents were asked to indicate whether, for each problem in Table 1, their partnerships had any impacts. The rating scale went from minus-2 for “made the issue much worse” to 2, indicating “made the issue much better.” Table 2 shows the mean scores of all respondents, ordered from biggest to smallest impacts.
As Table 2 indicates, the partnerships were perceived to have had some overall positive impacts on most issues associated with the marine aquaculture industry in the United States. The areas of highest positive impact included dissemination of misinformation about marine aquaculture, insufficient permitting and leasing policies, the lack of good science for decision-making purposes and distrust among stakeholders. The areas where partnerships were perceived to have had the least impact included the financing of startup operations and lack of ecologically sustainable supplies of aquaculture feed.
Calanni, Partnership impacts, Table 2
| Mean | Median | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Dissemination of misinformation about marine aquaculture | 0.8 | 1 |
| 2. Insufficient policies for granting long-term leases, licenses and/or permits for aquaculture facilities | 0.7 | 1 |
| 3. Lack of good science to make sound decisions regarding siting and facility operations | 0.7 | 1 |
| 4. Distrust among stakeholders | 0.7 | 1 |
| 5. Inappropriate regulations | 0.6 | 1 |
| 6. Negative public perceptions | 0.6 | 1 |
| 7. Disease outbreaks in wild populations | 0.5 | 0 |
| 8. Water pollution | 0.4 | 0 |
| 9. Visual pollution from coastal aquaculture facilities | 0.3 | 0 |
| 10. Negative impacts on the socio-economic health of local fishing-dependent communities | 0.3 | 0 |
| 11. Threats to the genetic purity of wild fish stocks | 0.3 | 0 |
| 12. Lack of adequate financing for research | 0.3 | 0 |
| 13. Lack of ecologically sustainable feed supplies | 0.2 | 0 |
| 14. Lack of adequate financing for starting up operations | 0.1 | 0 |
Table 2. Partnership impacts on problems related to marine aquaculture.
Perspectives
The marine aquaculture partnerships studied in this project indicated having positive impacts on some of the most important problems facing the industry, such as dissemination of misinformation as well as insufficient policies regarding leases, licenses and permits.
Partnership participants reported little to no impacts on other issues, such as financing of startup operations and research. Given the results are perceptions, among the next steps is to validate these impacts with non-perceptual measures and develop strategies for impacting other problems.
Editor’s Note: Additional findings from the study are available on the Aquaculture Partnerships Project website at www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/SPA/Buechner
Institute/Centers/WOPPR/Pages/ AquaculturePartnershipsProject.aspx.
(Editor’s Note: This article was originally published in the November/December 2012 print edition of the Global Aquaculture Advocate.)
Authors
-
University of Colorado Denver
School of Public Affairs
Denver, Colorado, USA -
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
801 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 USA -
University of Colorado Denver
School of Public Affairs
Denver, Colorado, USA -
Sacramento State University
Department of Public Policy and Administration
Sacramento, California, USA -
WestEd
Sacramento, California, USA
Related Posts
Health & Welfare
A holistic management approach to EMS
Early Mortality Syndrome has devastated farmed shrimp in Asia and Latin America. With better understanding of the pathogen and the development and improvement of novel strategies, shrimp farmers are now able to better manage the disease.
Aquafeeds
A look at protease enzymes in crustacean nutrition
Food digestion involves digestive enzymes to break down polymeric macromolecules and facilitate nutrient absorption. Enzyme supplementation in aquafeeds is a major alternative to improve feed quality and nutrient digestibility, gut health, compensate digestive enzymes when needed, and may also improve immune responses.
Responsibility
A look at integrated multi-trophic aquaculture
In integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, farmers combine the cultivation of fed species such as finfish or shrimp with extractive seaweeds, aquatic plants and shellfish and other invertebrates that recapture organic and inorganic particulate nutrients for their growth.
Health & Welfare
A look at tilapia aquaculture in Ghana
Aquaculture in Ghana has overcome its historic fits and starts and is helping to narrow the gap between domestic seafood production and consumption. Production is based on Nile tilapia.