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Examining copper use in aquaculture

Copper is used for control of the blue-green algae responsible for off-flavors in aquaculture animals, treating diseases and parasites, and avoiding cage net fouling. Although copper is an essential nutrient for plants and animals, an excess can negatively affect the environment and human health. 

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Light penetration in water
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Light penetration in water

Light penetrating water is scattered and absorbed exponentially as it passes downward. The presence of dissolved organic matter and suspended solids further impedes light penetration, and different types of solids absorb different wavelengths. 

Accuracy of custom water analyses varies
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Accuracy of custom water analyses varies

The reliability of trace element analyses reported by custom laboratories cannot be checked by simple techniques, and results may not always be accurate. One should check the reliability of major ion analyses by determining the charge balance and comparing the measured total ion concentration with the total ion concentration estimated from conductivity. 

Oxidants enhance water quality
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Oxidants enhance water quality

Oxidants are used in aquaculture as disinfectants or to enhance water quality. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate can be sources of dissolved oxygen in emergency situations where mechanical aeration is not possible.