Rotifers and diatoms aid shrimp biofloc nurseries
Addition of phytoplankton and microscopic ‘wheel animals’ can improve larval performance
In shrimp farming systems, the microbial community plays an important role in recycling nutrients, decreasing the anoxic zones in ponds and alleviating the nutrient load in wastewater, while providing an additional nutrition source for the cultured shrimp in semi-intensive and intensive systems.
The use of plankton in intensive shrimp farming systems yields better performance of the cultured organisms, as it improves the content of essential amino acids and highly unsaturated fatty acids in the tissues of cultured shrimp.
Study setup
This study was carried out at the Sustainable Mariculture Laboratory of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of the Rural Federal University, Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, to assess shrimp performance in a biofloc system with the addition of diatoms (Navicula sp.) and rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis).
For the duration of the experiment, the light intensity was kept at about 1,000 lux using a fluorescent lamp with a natural photoperiod. No water exchange was done during the experimental period, except for the addition of dechlorinated freshwater to compensate for evaporation losses.
Molasses was added once a day as a carbon source to maintain the carbon:nitrogen ratio at 12:1. Hydrated lime was used to maintain alkalinity and pH above 100 mg/L and 7.5, respectively. The experimental shrimp were fed daily with a commercial shrimp feed (40 percent crude protein), and rations were adjusted daily based on the estimated shrimp consumption, mortality rate and unconsumed feed.
First test – diatom addition
We evaluated the performance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae in a biofloc system during 20 days with the addition of the diatom Navicula sp. The shrimp (17.7 ± 0.02 mg,) were stocked at 2,500 shrimp/m3 in the experimental units. Diatoms were added at a concentration of 5 x 104/mL to the culture tanks on days 1, 5, 10 and 15.
Five days prior to stocking the shrimp, water from a matrix tank (0.12 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen, 2.2 mg/L nitrite nitrogen, alkalinity of 100 mg calcium carbonate/L, and 27 mL/L settleable solids) was mixed and used to fill 12 black-plastic tanks (usable dimensions of 50 x 35 x 23 cm, equivalent to a volume of 40 L) to approximately 50 percent of their volume, and the remaining was filled with seawater.
Second test – diatom and rotifer additions
We also evaluated the performance of Pacific white shrimp postlarvae during 35 days in a biofloc system with the addition of the diatom Navicula sp. and rotifers (B. plicatilis). The shrimp (16.2 ± 0.03 mg) were stocked at 2,500 shrimp/m3 in the experimental units. Diatoms (at a concentration of 5×104/mL) and rotifers (at a concentration of 30 rotifers/mL) were added to the culture tanks on days 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30.
Five days prior to stocking the shrimp, water from a matrix tank (0.2 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen, 0.5 mg/L nitrite nitrogen, 2.2 mg/L nitrate nitrogen, alkalinity of 134.7 mg calcium carbonate/L, and total suspended solids of 206 mg/L) was mixed and equally distributed to fill 12 black-plastic tanks (useful dimensions of 50 x 35 x 23 cm, equivalent to 40 L).
Results
In the first test, the shrimp survival rates were all above 87 percent during the 20-day experimental period. The feed conversion rate (FCR) of 0.9 and the final weight of 0.34 grams of shrimp in the tanks with added diatoms were significantly better (P < 0.05) than for shrimp in tanks without added diatoms (1.2 FCR; 0.27g final weight).
In the second test, shrimp survival rates were all above 70 percent in the tanks without added diatoms and rotifers, and 85 to 91 percent in the tanks with added diatoms and rotifers. The final weight of shrimp in the tanks with added diatoms and rotifers ranged from 0.81 to 1.08 grams, and 0.68 grams in the tanks without added diatoms and rotifers. Shrimp receiving diatoms and rotifers had an FCR ranging from 0.92 to 1.37, and shrimp in tanks without added diatoms and rotifers had an FCR of 1.94 tanks.
The positive effect of diatom and rotifer additions on the performance parameters of shrimp indicate that Navicula sp. and B. plicatilis serve as natural food sources for postlarval L. vannamei in biofloc systems. They probably provide important nutrients like essential amino acids and highly unsaturated fatty acids, essential to shrimp survival and growth.
Perspectives
The results of our study indicate that the addition of diatoms (Navicula sp.) and rotifers (B. plicatilis) to larval shrimp tanks every five days provides a significant natural food source for shrimp in their early stages in biofloc systems.
References available from the corresponding authors.
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Authors
-
Corresponding Author
Professor Adjunto A
Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
Recife, Brazil -
Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
Recife, Brazil -
Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
Recife, Brazil -
Centro de Ciências Humanas, Naturais, Saúde e Tecnologia
Universidade Federal do Maranhão
Pinheiro, Maranhão, Brazil -
Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
Recife, Brazil -
Corresponding Author
Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
Recife, Brazil
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